It is difficult to make generalizations about the extent of dietary supplement use by athletes because the studies on this topic are heterogeneous. Use of these products was positively associated with deployment to combat situations, being younger than 29 years, being physically active, and reporting 5 or fewer hours of sleep a night. military personnel in 2007–2008 found that 22.8% of the men and 5.3% of the women reported using bodybuilding supplements, such as creatine and amino acids, and 40.5% of the men and 35.5% of the women reported using energy supplements that might contain caffeine and/or energy-enhancing herbs. Although athletes used these ingredients more than nonathletes, teenagers not involved in organized athletic activities often took them to enhance their appearance. In a review of studies on adolescent use of performance-enhancing substances, the American Academy of Pediatrics concluded that protein, creatine, and caffeine were the most commonly used ingredients and that use increased with age.
Among the sports with the highest percentage of users of performance-enhancing products were ice hockey, wrestling, and baseball among the men and volleyball, swimming, and ice hockey among the women. Men were much more likely to take performance-enhancing products than women, except for energy drinks and shots. college athletes, respondents reported taking protein products (41.7%), energy drinks and shots (28.6%), creatine (14.0%), amino acids (12.1%), multivitamins with caffeine (5.7%), beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB 0.2%), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA 0.1%), and an unspecified mix of "testosterone boosters" (1.6%). In a national survey of about 21,000 U.S.Products taken for these purposes included protein, amino acids, herbal supplements, caffeine, creatine, and combination products. The reasons for use included enhanced muscle strength (20% of users), performance enhancement (19% of users), and increased endurance (7% of users). colleges and universities in 2009–2010 found that 66% reported use of any dietary supplement. A survey of 1,248 students aged 16 years or older in five U.S.Supplement use increased with age and was significantly more common among women than men. International surveys found that two-thirds of 3,887 adult and adolescent elite track and field athletes participating in world-championship competitions took one or more dietary supplements containing such ingredients as vitamins, minerals, creatine, caffeine, and amino acids.Several surveys have indicated the extent of dietary supplement use for bodybuilding and to enhance exercise and athletic performance: According to one estimate, retail sales of the category of "sports nutrition supplements" totaled $5.67 billion in 2016, or 13.8% of $41.16 billion total sales for dietary supplements and related nutrition products for that year. Among the more common ingredients are amino acids, protein, creatine, and caffeine. Many of these products contain numerous ingredients in varied combinations and amounts. ĭietary supplements to enhance exercise and athletic performance come in a variety of forms, including tablets, capsules, liquids, powders, and bars. Some people also use ergogenic aids to prepare the body for exercise, reduce the chance of injury during training, and enhance recovery from exercise.
These effects are the main focus of this fact sheet. Manufacturers and sellers promote these products, sometimes referred to as "ergogenic aids," by claiming that they improve strength or endurance, increase exercise efficiency, achieve a performance goal more quickly, and increase tolerance for more intense training. This fact sheet provides an overview of selected ingredients in dietary supplements designed or claimed to enhance exercise and athletic performance.
For a reader-friendly overview of Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance, see our consumer fact sheet on Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals.
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